In addition to spring type (multi-leaf steel, FRP), a distinction can be drawn between systems where the spring also acts as a locating link and those where the spring only acts as a spring member.This is contrasted with a beam axle or deDion axle system in which the wheels are linked movement on one side does not affect the wheel on the other side.Independent refers to the motion or path of movement of the wheels or suspension.It is common for the left and right sides of the suspension to be connected with anti-roll bars or other such mechanisms.
The anti-roll bar ties the left and right suspension spring rates together but does not tie their motion together. Many vehicles also have an independent rear suspension ( IRS ). IRS, as the name implies, has the rear wheels independently sprung. A fully independent suspension has an independent suspension on all wheels. Some early independent systems used swing axles, but modern systems use Chapman or MacPherson struts, trailing arms, multilink, or wishbones. Independent suspension requires additional engineering effort and expense in development versus a beam or live axle arrangement. A very complex IRS solution can also result in higher manufacturing costs. Instead, it is either bolted directly to the vehicles chassis or more commonly to a subframe. The suspension in a vehicle helps absorb harshness in the road. There are many systems and designs that do this, such as independent suspension. This will compromise traction, smoothness of the ride, and could also cause a dangerous wheel shimmy when moving at high speeds. With independent suspension systems, the bump primarily affects only the contacted wheel. This offers many advantages such as greater ride comfort, better traction, and safer, more stable vehicles on and off the road. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis and one joint at the knuckle. The shock absorber and coil spring mount to the wishbones to control vertical movement. Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel, controlling such parameters as camber angle, caster angle, toe pattern, roll center height, scrub radius, scuff and more. These arms do not have to be of equal length, and may be angled away from their obvious direction. It was first introduced in the late 1960s on the Mercedes-Benz C111 prototype and put into production later on their W201 and W124 series. It is a very simple and effective design that uses a strut-type spring and shock absorber that work as a team that will pivot on a single ball joint. ![]() Later, this space-efficient system became widespread with the growing popularity of front-wheel drive. Most applications used multi-leaf steel springs, although more recent designs have used fiber reinforced plastic (FRP, typically fibers are fiberglass) springs.
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